Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on February 17, 2006; 10.1105/tpc.105.039495
Received November 13, 2005
Returned for revision January 3, 2006
Accepted January 26, 2006
Arabidopsis GLUTAMINE-RICH PROTEIN23 Is Essential for Early Embryogenesis and Encodes a Novel Nuclear PPR Motif Protein That Interacts with RNA Polymerase II Subunit III
Yong-He Ding 1, Nai-You Liu 1, Zuo-Shun Tang 2, Jie Liu 2, and Wei-Cai Yang 2*
1 Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
2 Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wcyang{at}genetics.ac.cn.
Precise control of gene expression is critical for embryo development in both animals and plants. We report that Arabidopsis thaliana GLUTAMINE-RICH PROTEIN23 (GRP23) is a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein that functions as a potential regulator of gene expression during early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Loss-of-function mutations of GRP23 caused the arrest of early embryo development. The vast majority of the mutant embryos arrested before the 16-cell dermatogen stage, and none of the grp23 embryos reached the heart stage. In addition, 19% of the mutant embryos displayed aberrant cell division patterns. GRP23 encodes a polypeptide with a Leu zipper domain, nine PPRs at the N terminus, and a Gln-rich C-terminal domain with an unusual WQQ repeat. GRP23 is a nuclear protein that physically interacts with RNA polymerase II subunit III in both yeast and plant cells. GRP23 is expressed in developing embryos up to the heart stage, as revealed by  -glucuronidase reporter gene expression and RNA in situ hybridization. Together, our data suggest that GRP23, by interaction with RNA polymerase II, likely functions as a transcriptional regulator essential for early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis.
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