Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on March 10, 2006; 10.1105/tpc.105.040568
Received December 19, 2005
Returned for revision January 27, 2006
Accepted February 16, 2006
The TORNADO1 and TORNADO2 Genes Function in Several Patterning Processes during Early Leaf Development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Gerda Cnops 1, Pia Neyt 1, Jeroen Raes 1, Marica Petrarulo 1, Hilde Nelissen 1, Nenad Malenica 2, Christian Luschnig 2, Olaf Tietz 3, Franck Ditengou 3, Klaus Palme 3, Abdelkrim Azmi 4, Els Prinsen 4, and Mieke Van Lijsebettens 1*
1 Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
2 Institute for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Universität für Bodenkultur-Wien, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
3 Institut für Biologie II und Zentrum für Angewandte Biowissenschaften, Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
4 Laboratory for Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mieke.vanlijsebettens{at}psb.ugent.be.
In multicellular organisms, patterning is a process that generates axes in the primary body plan, creates domains upon organ formation, and finally leads to differentiation into tissues and cell types. We identified the Arabidopsis thaliana TORNADO1 (TRN1) and TRN2 genes and their role in leaf patterning processes such as lamina venation, symmetry, and lateral growth. In trn mutants, the leaf venation network had a severely reduced complexity: incomplete loops, no tertiary or quaternary veins, and vascular islands. The leaf laminas were asymmetric and narrow because of a severely reduced cell number. We postulate that the imbalance between cell proliferation and cell differentiation and the altered auxin distribution in both trn mutants cause asymmetric leaf growth and aberrant venation patterning. TRN1 and TRN2 were epistatic to ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 with respect to leaf asymmetry, consistent with their expression in the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia. TRN1 codes for a large plant-specific protein with conserved domains also found in a variety of signaling proteins, whereas TRN2 encodes a transmembrane protein of the tetraspanin family whose phylogenetic tree is presented. Double mutant analysis showed that TRN1 and TRN2 act in the same pathway.
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