Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on April 28, 2006; 10.1105/tpc.106.041178
Received January 16, 2006
Returned for revision March 24, 2006
Accepted April 11, 2006
Maintenance of DNA Methylation during the Arabidopsis Life Cycle Is Essential for Parental Imprinting
Pauline E. Jullien 1, Tetsu Kinoshita 2, Nir Ohad 3, and Frédéric Berger 1*
1 Chromatin and Reproduction Group, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
2 Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
3 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fred{at}tll.org.sg.
Imprinted genes are expressed predominantly from either their paternal or their maternal allele. To date, all imprinted genes identified in plants are expressed in the endosperm. In Arabidopsis thaliana, maternal imprinting has been clearly demonstrated for the Polycomb group gene MEDEA (MEA) and for FWA. Direct repeats upstream of FWA are subject to DNA methylation. However, it is still not clear to what extent similar cis-acting elements may be part of a conserved molecular mechanism controlling maternally imprinted genes. In this work, we show that the Polycomb group gene FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED2 (FIS2) is imprinted. Maintenance of FIS2 imprinting depends on DNA methylation, whereas loss of DNA methylation does not affect MEA imprinting. DNA methylation targets a small region upstream of FIS2 distinct from the target of DNA methylation associated with FWA. We show that FWA and FIS2 imprinting requires the maintenance of DNA methylation throughout the plant life cycle, including male gametogenesis and endosperm development. Our data thus demonstrate that parental genomic imprinting in plants depends on diverse cis-elements and mechanisms dependent or independent of DNA methylation. We propose that imprinting has evolved under constraints linked to the evolution of plant reproduction and not by the selection of a specific molecular mechanism.
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