Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on September 15, 2006; 10.1105/tpc.106.042713
Received March 22, 2006
Returned for revision June 19, 2006
Accepted August 17, 2006
Rapid Transcriptome Changes Induced by Cytosolic Ca2+ Transients Reveal ABRE-Related Sequences as Ca2+-Responsive cis Elements in Arabidopsis
Boaz Kaplan 1, Olga Davydov 1, Heather Knight 2, Yael Galon 3, Marc R. Knight 2, Robert Fluhr 1, and Hillel Fromm 3*
1 Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
3 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hillelf{at}post.tau.ac.il.
The regulation of gene expression by cellular calcium is crucial for plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the number of genes known to respond to specific transient calcium signals is limited, and as yet there is no definition of a calcium-responsive cis element in plants. Here, we generated specific cytosolic calcium transients in intact Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and linked them to early transcriptome changes, followed by bioinformatic analysis of the responsive genes. A cytosolic calcium transient induced by calmodulin antagonists and blocked by lanthanides was characterized using aequorin-based luminometry and photon imaging. Analysis of transcriptome changes revealed 230 calcium-responsive genes, of which 162 were upregulated and 68 were downregulated. These include known early stress-responsive genes as well as genes of unknown function. Analysis of their upstream regions revealed, exclusively in the upregulated genes, a highly significant occurrence of a consensus sequence (P < 10-13) comprising two abscisic acid-specific cis elements: the abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE; CACGTG[T/C/G]) and its coupling element ([C/A]ACGCG[T/C/A]). Finally, we show that a tetramer of the ABRE cis element is sufficient to confer transcriptional activation in response to cytosolic Ca2+ transients. Thus, at least for some specific Ca2+ transients and motif combinations, ABREs function as Ca2+-responsive cis elements.
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