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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on November 22, 2006; 10.1105/tpc.106.045674

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Received July 10, 2006
Returned for revision September 1, 2006
Accepted October 30, 2006

The Arabidopsis Histidine Phosphotransfer Proteins Are Redundant Positive Regulators of Cytokinin Signaling

Claire E. Hutchison 1, Jie Li 2, Cristiana Argueso 1, Monica Gonzalez 1, Eurie Lee 1, Michael W. Lewis 1, Bridey B. Maxwell 1, Tony D. Perdue 1, G. Eric Schaller 3, Jose M. Alonso 4, Joseph R. Ecker 4, and Joseph J. Kieber 1*

1 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
2 Department of Biochemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
3 Department of Biochemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824; Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3576
4 Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jkieber{at}unc.edu.

Arabidopsis thaliana histidine phosphotransfer proteins (AHPs) are similar to bacterial and yeast histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HPts), which act in multistep phosphorelay signaling pathways. A phosphorelay pathway is the current model for cytokinin signaling. To assess the role of AHPs in cytokinin signaling, we isolated T-DNA insertions in the five AHP genes that are predicted to encode functional HPts and constructed multiple insertion mutants, including an ahp1,2,3,4,5 quintuple mutant. Single ahp mutants were indistinguishable from wild-type seedlings in cytokinin response assays. However, various higher-order mutants displayed reduced sensitivity to cytokinin in diverse cytokinin assays, indicating both a positive role for AHPs in cytokinin signaling and functional overlap among the AHPs. In contrast with the other four AHPs, AHP4 may play a negative role in some cytokinin responses. The quintuple ahp mutant showed various abnormalities in growth and development, including reduced fertility, increased seed size, reduced vascular development, and a shortened primary root. These data indicate that most of the AHPs are redundant, positive regulators of cytokinin signaling and affect multiple aspects of plant development.




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