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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on September 21, 2007; 10.1105/tpc.106.045682

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Received July 9, 2006
Returned for revision August 13, 2007
Accepted August 27, 2007

Molecular Architecture of Strictosidine Glucosidase: The Gateway to the Biosynthesis of the Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid Family

Leif Barleben 1, Santosh Panjikar 2, Martin Ruppert 1, Juergen Koepke 3, and Joachim Stöckigt 4*

1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
2 European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg Outstation, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
3 Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
4 Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: stoeckig{at}mail.uni-mainz.de.

Strictosidine {beta}-D-glucosidase (SG) follows strictosidine synthase (STR1) in the production of the reactive intermediate required for the formation of the large family of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in plants. This family is composed of ~2000 structurally diverse compounds. SG plays an important role in the plant cell by activating the glucoside strictosidine and allowing it to enter the multiple indole alkaloid pathways. Here, we report detailed three-dimensional information describing both native SG and the complex of its inactive mutant Glu207Gln with the substrate strictosidine, thus providing a structural characterization of substrate binding and identifying the amino acids that occupy the active site surface of the enzyme. Structural analysis and site-directed mutagenesis experiments demonstrate the essential role of Glu-207, Glu-416, His-161, and Trp-388 in catalysis. Comparison of the catalytic pocket of SG with that of other plant glucosidases demonstrates the structural importance of Trp-388. Compared with all other glucosidases of plant, bacterial, and archaeal origin, SG's residue Trp-388 is present in a unique structural conformation that is specific to the SG enzyme. In addition to STR1 and vinorine synthase, SG represents the third structural example of enzymes participating in the biosynthetic pathway of the Rauvolfia alkaloid ajmaline. The data presented here will contribute to deciphering the structure and reaction mechanism of other higher plant glucosidases.




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