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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on December 15, 2006; 10.1105/tpc.106.046417

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Received August 3, 2006
Returned for revision October 30, 2006
Accepted November 6, 2006

The Cauliflower Or Gene Encodes a DnaJ Cysteine-Rich Domain-Containing Protein That Mediates High-Levels of {beta}-Carotene Accumulation

Shan Lu 1, Joyce Van Eck 2, Xiangjun Zhou 1, Alex B. Lopez 3, Diana M. O'Halloran 3, Kelly M. Cosman 3, Brian J. Conlin 2, Dominick J. Paolillo 4, David F. Garvin 5, Julia Vrebalov 2, Leon V. Kochian 3, Hendrik Küpper 3, Elizabeth D. Earle 6, Jun Cao 6, and Li Li 7*

1 U.S. Department of Agriculure-Agricultural Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
3 U.S. Department of Agriculure-Agricultural Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
4 Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
5 U.S. Department of Agriculure-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
6 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
7 U.S. Department of Agriculure-Agricultural Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ll37{at}cornell.edu.

Despite recent progress in our understanding of carotenogenesis in plants, the mechanisms that govern overall carotenoid accumulation remain largely unknown. The Orange (Or) gene mutation in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrytis) confers the accumulation of high levels of {beta}-carotene in various tissues normally devoid of carotenoids. Using positional cloning, we isolated the gene representing Or and verified it by functional complementation in wild-type cauliflower. Or encodes a plastid-associated protein containing a DnaJ Cys-rich domain. The Or gene mutation is due to the insertion of a long terminal repeat retrotransposon in the Or allele. Or appears to be plant specific and is highly conserved among divergent plant species. Analyses of the gene, the gene product, and the cytological effects of the Or transgene suggest that the functional role of Or is associated with a cellular process that triggers the differentiation of proplastids or other noncolored plastids into chromoplasts for carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, we demonstrate that Or can be used as a novel genetic tool to induce carotenoid accumulation in a major staple food crop. We show here that controlling the formation of chromoplasts is an important mechanism by which carotenoid accumulation is regulated in plants.




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