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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on May 11, 2007; 10.1105/tpc.106.047241

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Received September 7, 2006
Returned for revision March 12, 2007
Accepted April 10, 2007

TIME FOR COFFEE Encodes a Nuclear Regulator in the Arabidopsis thaliana Circadian Clock

Zhaojun Ding 1, Andrew J. Millar 2, Amanda M. Davis 1, and Seth J. Davis 1*

1 Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne D-50829, Germany
2 Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: davis{at}mpiz-koeln.mpg.de.

The plant circadian clock is required for daily anticipation of the diurnal environment. Mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana TIME FOR COFFEE (TIC) affects free-running circadian rhythms. To investigate how TIC functions within the circadian system, we introduced markers for the evening and morning phases of the clock into tic and measured evident rhythms. The phases of evening clock genes in tic were all advanced under light/dark cycles without major expression level defects. With regard to morning-acting genes, we unexpectedly found that TIC has a closer relationship with LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) than with CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1, as tic has a specific LHY expression level defect. Epistasis analysis demonstrated that there were no clear rhythms in double mutants of tic and evening-acting clock genes, although double mutants of tic and morning-acting genes exhibited a similar free-running period as tic. We isolated TIC and found that its mRNA expression is continuously present over the diurnal cycle, and the encoded protein appears to be strictly localized to the nucleus. Neither its abundance nor its cellular distribution was found to be clock-regulated. We suggest that TIC encodes a nucleus-acting clock regulator working close to the central oscillator.






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