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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on October 26, 2007; 10.1105/tpc.107.051524

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Received May 8, 2007
Returned for revision September 20, 2007
Accepted October 6, 2007

The GID1-Mediated Gibberellin Perception Mechanism Is Conserved in the Lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii but Not in the Bryophyte Physcomitrella patens

Ko Hirano 1, Masatoshi Nakajima 2, Kenji Asano 1, Tomoaki Nishiyama 3, Hitoshi Sakakibara 4, Mikiko Kojima 4, Etsuko Katoh 5, Hongyu Xiang 5, Takako Tanahashi 6, Mitsuyasu Hasebe 7, Jo Ann Banks 8, Motoyuki Ashikari 1, Hidemi Kitano 1, Miyako Ueguchi-Tanaka 1, and Makoto Matsuoka 1*

1 Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
2 Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
3 Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan; ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
4 Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
5 Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
6 National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
7 ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
8 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1153

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: makoto{at}agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp.

In rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana, gibberellin (GA) signaling is mediated by GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) and DELLA proteins in collaboration with a GA-specific F-box protein. To explore when plants evolved the ability to perceive GA by the GID1/DELLA pathway, we examined these GA signaling components in the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii and the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens. An in silico search identified several homologs of GID1, DELLA, and GID2, a GA-specific F-box protein in rice, in both species. Sm GID1a and Sm GID1b, GID1 proteins from S. moellendorffii, showed GA binding activity in vitro and interacted with DELLA proteins from S. moellendorffii in a GA-dependent manner in yeast. Introduction of constitutively expressed Sm GID1a, Sm G1D1b, and Sm GID2a transgenes rescued the dwarf phenotype of rice gid1 and gid2 mutants. Furthermore, treatment with GA4, a major GA in S. moellendorffii, caused downregulation of Sm GID1b, Sm GA20 oxidase, and Sm GA3 oxidase and degradation of the Sm DELLA1 protein. These results demonstrate that the homologs of GID1, DELLA, and GID2 work in a similar manner in S. moellendorffii and in flowering plants. Biochemical studies revealed that Sm GID1s have different GA binding properties from GID1s in flowering plants. No evidence was found for the functional conservation of these genes in P. patens, indicating that GID1/DELLA-mediated GA signaling, if present, differs from that in vascular plants. Our results suggest that GID1/DELLA-mediated GA signaling appeared after the divergence of vascular plants from the moss lineage.




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