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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on June 22, 2007; 10.1105/tpc.107.051813

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Received March 25, 2007
Returned for revision May 14, 2007
Accepted May 30, 2007

Genetic and Epigenetic Alteration among Three Homoeologous Genes of a Class E MADS Box Gene in Hexaploid Wheat

Naoki Shitsukawa 1, Chikako Tahira 1, Ken-ichiro Kassai 1, Chizuru Hirabayashi 1, Tomoaki Shimizu 1, Shigeo Takumi 2, Keiichi Mochida 3, Kanako Kawaura 4, Yasunari Ogihara 4, and Koji Murai 1*

1 Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
2 Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
3 Integrated Genome Research Team, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
4 Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: murai{at}fpu.ac.jp.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a hexaploid species with A, B, and D ancestral genomes. Most bread wheat genes are present in the genome as triplicated homoeologous genes (homoeologs) derived from the ancestral species. Here, we report that both genetic and epigenetic alterations have occurred in the homoeologs of a wheat class E MADS box gene. Two class E genes are identified in wheat, wheat SEPALLATA (WSEP) and wheat LEAFY HULL STERILE1 (WLHS1), which are homologs of Os MADS45 and Os MADS1 in rice (Oryza sativa), respectively. The three wheat homoeologs of WSEP showed similar genomic structures and expression profiles. By contrast, the three homoeologs of WLHS1 showed genetic and epigenetic alterations. The A genome WLHS1 homoeolog (WLHS1-A) had a structural alteration that contained a large novel sequence in place of the K domain sequence. A yeast two-hybrid analysis and a transgenic experiment indicated that the WLHS1-A protein had no apparent function. The B and D genome homoeologs, WLHS1-B and WLHS1-D, respectively, had an intact MADS box gene structure, but WLHS1-B was predominantly silenced by cytosine methylation. Consequently, of the three WLHS1 homoeologs, only WLHS1-D functions in hexaploid wheat. This is a situation where three homoeologs are differentially regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.




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