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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on June 22, 2007; 10.1105/tpc.107.052035

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Received April 3, 2007
Returned for revision May 29, 2007
Accepted June 5, 2007

Ubiquitin Lysine 63 Chain-Forming Ligases Regulate Apical Dominance in Arabidopsis

Xiao-Jun Yin 1, Sara Volk 2, Karin Ljung 3, Norbert Mehlmer 4, Karel Dolezal 5, Franck Ditengou 6, Shigeru Hanano 1, Seth J. Davis 1, Elmon Schmelzer 7, Göran Sandberg 8, Markus Teige 4, Klaus Palme 6, Cecile Pickart 2, and Andreas Bachmair 1*

1 Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
2 Department of Biochemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
3 Umea Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden
4 Department for Biochemistry, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
5 Umea Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
6 Institute of Biology II/Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
7 Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
8 Umea Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umea University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bachmair{at}mpiz-koeln.mpg.de.

Lys-63-linked multiubiquitin chains play important roles in signal transduction in yeast and in mammals, but the functions for this type of chain in plants remain to be defined. The RING domain protein RGLG2 (for RING domain Ligase2) from Arabidopsis thaliana can be N-terminally myristoylated and localizes to the plasma membrane. It can form Lys-63-linked multiubiquitin chains in an in vitro reaction. RGLG2 has overlapping functions with its closest sequelog, RGLG1, and single mutants in either gene are inconspicuous. rglg1 rglg2 double mutant plants exhibit loss of apical dominance and altered phyllotaxy, two traits critically influenced by the plant hormone auxin. Auxin and cytokinin levels are changed, and the plants show a decreased response to exogenously added auxin. Changes in the abundance of PIN family auxin transport proteins and synthetic lethality with a mutation in the auxin transport regulator BIG suggest that the directional flow of auxin is modulated by RGLG activity. Modification of proteins by Lys-63-linked multiubiquitin chains is thus important for hormone-regulated, basic plant architecture.




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