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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on January 9, 2009; 10.1105/tpc.108.063248

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Received September 12, 2008
Returned for revision December 12, 2008
Accepted December 19, 2008

The Plastidial 2-C-Methyl-D-Erythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway Provides the Isoprenyl Moiety for Protein Geranylgeranylation in Tobacco BY-2 Cells

Esther Gerber 1, Andréa Hemmerlin 1, Michael Hartmann 1, Dimitri Heintz 1, Marie-Andrée Hartmann 1, Jérôme Mutterer 1, Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción 2, Albert Boronat 2, Alain Van Dorsselaer 3, Michel Rohmer 4, Dring N. Crowell 5*, and Thomas J. Bach 1

1 Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, associated with the Université Louis Pasteur), F-67083 Strasbourg, France
2 Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
3 Université Louis Pasteur/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, LC4-Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
4 Université Louis Pasteur/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Le Bel, F-67070 Strasbourg, France
5 Department of Biology, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: crowdrin{at}isu.edu.

Protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation are important posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells. We visualized in transformed Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells the geranylgeranylation and plasma membrane localization of GFP-BD-CVIL, which consists of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the C-terminal polybasic domain (BD) and CVIL isoprenylation motif from the Oryza sativa calmodulin, CaM61. Treatment with fosmidomycin (Fos) or oxoclomazone (OC), inhibitors of the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, caused mislocalization of the protein to the nucleus, whereas treatment with mevinolin, an inhibitor of the cytosolic mevalonate pathway, did not. The nuclear localization of GFP-BD-CVIL in the presence of MEP pathway inhibitors was completely reversed by all-trans-geranylgeraniol (GGol). Furthermore, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (DX) reversed the effects of OC, but not Fos, consistent with the hypothesis that OC blocks 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthesis, whereas Fos inhibits its conversion to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate. By contrast, GGol and DX did not rescue the nuclear mislocalization of GFP-BD-CVIL in the presence of a protein geranylgeranyltransferase type 1 inhibitor. Thus, the MEP pathway has an essential role in geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) biosynthesis and protein geranylgeranylation in BY-2 cells. GFP-BD-CVIL is a versatile tool for identifying pharmaceuticals and herbicides that interfere either with GGPP biosynthesis or with protein geranylgeranylation.






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